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51. On the diagram in your answer booklet, sketch at least four magnetic field lines of force around a bar magnet. [Include arrows to show the direction of each field line.] [1] Refer to the following information for the next three questions. Tritium is a radioactive form of the element hydrogen. A tritium nucleus is composed of one proton and two neutrons. When a tritium nucleus decays, it emits a beta particle (an electron) and an antineutrino to create a stable form of helium. During beta decay, a neutron is spontaneously transformed into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. 52. What is the total number of quarks in a tritium nucleus? [1] 53. What is the total charge, in elementary charges, of a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino? [1] 54. What fundamental interaction is responsible for binding together the protons and neutrons in a helium nucleus? [1] Refer to the following information for the next question. The diagram below represents a ball projected horizontally from a cliff at a speed of 10. meters per second. The ball travels the path shown and lands at time t and distance d from the base of the cliff. [Neglect friction.]
55. A second, identical ball is projected horizontally from the cliff at 20. meters per second. Determine the distance the second ball lands from the base of the cliff in terms of d. [1] The next seven questions stand independently. 56.–57. An operating television set draws 0.71 ampere of current when connected to a 120-volt outlet. Calculate the time it takes the television to consume 3.0 × 105 joules of electric energy. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] 58.–59. On the centimeter grid in your booklet, draw at least one cycle of a periodic transverse wave with an amplitude of 2.0 centimeters and a wavelength of 6.0 centimeters. [2] 
The diagram shown to the left represents a 35-newton block hanging from a vertical spring, causing the spring to elongate from its original length. 60. Determine the spring constant of the spring. [1] 61. Determine the amount of matter, in kilograms, that must be converted to energy to yield 1.0 gigajoule. [1] 62. Thunder results from the expansion of air as lightning passes through it. The distance between an observer and a lightning strike may be determined if the time that elapses between the observer seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder is known. Explain why the lightning strike is seen before the thunder is heard. [1] 63.–64. A bolt of lightning transfers 28 coulombs of charge through an electric potential difference of 3.2 × 107 volts between a cloud and the ground in 1.5 × 10−3 second. Calculate the average electric current between the cloud and the ground during this transfer of charge. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] The diagram below represents two pulses traveling toward each other in a uniform medium.  65. On the grid in your answer booklet, draw the resultant displacement of the medium when both pulses are located between points A and B. [1]
Refer to the following information for the next four questions. As represented in the diagram, a ski area rope-tow pulls a 72.0-kilogram skier from the bottom to the top of a 40.0-meter-high hill. The rope-tow exerts a force of magnitude 158 newtons to move the skier a total distance of 230. meters up the side of the hill at constant speed.
66. Determine the total amount of work done by the rope on the skier. [1] 67–68 Calculate the total amount of gravitational potential energy gained by the skier while moving up the hill. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units] [2] 69. Describe what happens to the internal energy of the skier-hill system as the skier is pulled up the hill. [1] 70. Describe what happens to the total mechanical energy of the skier-hill system as the skier is pulled up the hill. [1] Refer to the following information for the next four questions. A 15-ohm resistor, 30.-ohm resistor, and an ammeter are connected as shown with a 60.-volt battery.
71.–72. Calculate the equivalent resistance of R1 and R2. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] 73. Determine the current measured by the ammeter. [1] 74–75 Calculate the rate at which the battery supplies energy to the circuit. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] 76. If another resistor were added in parallel to the original circuit, what effect would this have on the current through resistor R1? [1] Refer to the following information for the next two questions. A gas-powered model airplane has a mass of 2.50 kilograms. A student exerts a force on a cord to keep the airplane flying around her at a constant speed of 18.0 meters per second in a horizontal, circular path with a radius of 25.0 meters. 77.–78. Calculate the kinetic energy of the moving airplane. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] 79.–80. Calculate the magnitude of the centripetal force exerted on the airplane to keep it moving in this circular path. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] Refer to the following information for the next three questions. A ray of light with a frequency of 5.09 × 1014 hertz traveling in medium X is refracted at point P. The angle of refraction is 90.°, as represented in the diagram.
81.–82. Calculate the wavelength of the light ray in air. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] 83. Measure the angle of incidence for the light ray incident at point P and record the value in your answer booklet. [1] 84.–85. Calculate the absolute index of refraction for medium X. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2] | ||
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